BIM LOD Definitions: From 100 to 500 Explained

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is more than just creating 3D models. It’s about constructing twice—first virtually, then physically—so that stakeholders can anticipate challenges, coordinate effectively, and reduce costly rework. One of the key frameworks that keeps this process structured is the Level of Development (LOD) system, which defines the amount of detail contained in the model across critical project stages.

What is LOD in BIM?

LOD stands for Level of Development, sometimes also referred to as Level of Detail. It provides a benchmark for how much geometric and parametric information should be included in a model at any given point. A typical project progresses from conceptual design all the way through to construction and facility management, and the LOD framework ensures that the model develops in detail along the way.

For a primer on how BIM fits into the bigger picture, see our Singapore BIM Guide for Contractors.

Why is BIM LOD Important?

It may sound logical to model everything in full detail from the beginning, but that often creates more problems than it solves. For instance, the location of wall penetrations for air ducts or piping systems may change multiple times as the design evolves. Pipe systems flushing wastewater must follow gravity rules, which may force structural changes. If teams model too much detail too soon, contractors may miss coordination deadlines, and the whole point of BIM—resolving conflicts virtually before construction—gets compromised.

Progressive LODs keep the model lean and useful, while ensuring that detail increases only when necessary. If you’re curious how this ties into 4D planning, check out our article on What is 4D BIM?.

A Comparison of BIM Level of Detail

LOD 100 – Conceptual Design

• Scope: Conceptual massing, orientation, and area.
• Who is Involved?: Architect and owner collaborate to validate project feasibility.
• Use: Feasibility studies, site planning, preliminary analysis.

LOD 200 – Schematic Design

• Scope: Approximate geometry, systems defined generically.
• Who is Involved?: Consultants and early subcontractor input.
• Use: Early coordination, design validation, rough costing.

LOD 300 – Detailed Design

• Scope: Accurate size, shape, quantity, and location of elements.
• Who is Involved?: Subcontractors onboarded to model their systems.
• Use: Construction documentation, trade coordination, detailed quantity take-offs.

👉 Learn more about best practices in BIM for Architects.

LOD 350 – Coordinated Design

• Scope: Interfaces and connections between building systems included.
• Who is Involved?: Multidisciplinary coordination across architecture, structure, and MEP.
• Use: Clash detection, constructability reviews, advanced design validation.

👉 See how this process is managed with dedicated tools for virtual reviews.

LOD 400 – Fabrication Model

• Scope: Precise geometry with fabrication and assembly tolerances.
• Who is Involved?: Subcontractors and fabricators.
• Use: Shop drawings, prefabrication, installation planning.

👉 Learn more about tools like OpenBuildings that support both BIM modelling as well as CAD detailing.

LOD 500 – As-Built Model

• Scope: Field-verified model reflecting actual installed condition.
• Who is Involved?: BIM team updates design to match site-verified as-built data.
• Use: Facility management, operations, lifecycle planning.

⚠️ Note: It’s rare for the final design to match the as-built condition of the asset. A registered surveyor may be needed to validate the model against reality. For more information, see our article on Scan-to-BIM services.

BIM LOD Table

BIM LOD by Project Phase

A typical project can be broadly classified into three stages: Design, Construction, and Handover. In our experience delivering hundreds of BIM projects, we’ve found that identifying a target LOD for each phase keeps teams aligned and ensures that the right BIM workflows are introduced at the right time.

Schematic Design (LOD 200)

At this stage, the BIM model captures essential building elements in approximate form. The objective is to establish a reliable base for feasibility and early design reviews between the Architect and Owner.

Design Development (LOD 300 → 350)

The BIM model gains detail across all disciplines, including structure and M&E. By LOD 350, coordination between trades is emphasized, with connections and interfaces fully defined for clash detection and constructability checks. Early onboarding of subcontractors (i.e. Piping, Ducting, Fire Protection contractors) is essential.

Pre-Construction (LOD 400)

Subcontractors should be working from a federated, clash-free BIM model when developing the additional detail required for fabrication and assembly. This ensures that all architectural, structural, and MEP systems are coordinated before shop drawings are produced.

From there, shop drawings can be generated directly from the BIM software. Additional 2D detailing can be created using CAD software to supplement the deliverables and meet project requirements.

Handover Phase (LOD 500)

An appointed BIM coordinator verifies the as-built condition against the design models. Where there is a discrepancy with the BIM model, the Design models need to be updated to reflect the as-built condition of the site. Where accuracy is essential, a registered surveyor may be engaged to validate the as-built model.

In this stage, project owners may want to specify the inclusion of Facility Management data into the BIM model. This data is typically incorporated using the COBie format.

Conclusion

BIM LOD is about aligning the right level of detail at the right time. By modelling progressively—LOD 200 in schematic design, LOD 300/350 for design development, LOD 400 for construction, and LOD 500 for handover—teams avoid wasted effort, minimize clashes, and deliver accurate BIM models for project handover.

If your project requires help with LOD implementation or a BIM Execution Plan, you can reach out to us through our contact page or use our BIM Cost Calculator for a tailored estimate.